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Secobarbital is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance. This classification is due to its specific medical uses, such as in the treatment of insomnia, and its high potential for abuse, which can lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. Schedule II drugs are seen as having legitimate medical applications but also risk for misuse, which necessitates stricter regulations concerning prescribing and dispensing.

In contrast, Schedule I substances are deemed to have no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse, making them legal to possess or use under any circumstances. Schedule III substances have a lower potential for abuse compared to Schedule II and are accepted for medical use with fewer restrictions. Schedule IV substances indicate a lower potential for abuse than Schedule III and are also accepted for medical applications, typically involving lesser restrictions on prescribing. The classification of secobarbital as Schedule II underscores the importance of careful management in its use due to its potential for harm when misused.